Topic Collection Cover Page

Veterinary Issues
Topic Collection
July 1, 2024

Topic Collection: Veterinary Issues

Many watched in sorrow as residents affected by Hurricane Katrina refused to evacuate their flooded homes because they did not want to leave their pets behind. Since then, wildfires and droughts have ravaged hundreds of thousands of acres across the western U.S., and farmers have lost countless heads of livestock and acres of hay and feed corn. Many changes have been made in the disaster veterinary field. For example, the Pets Evacuation and Transportation Standards Act of 2006 mandates that: emergency plans take into account the needs of those with pets and service animals, more emergency shelters accept pets, and dogs who work in disaster response receive special preventive and medical treatment. Zoonotic pathogens originating in animals (e.g., avian influenza) pose a risk to wild animals, agricultural animals, food sources, pets, and people who encounter them, and are therefore being monitored by public health surveillance systems to ensure wild animals, agricultural animals, food sources, pets, and caretakers remain as healthy as possible. The resources in this Topic Collection can help veterinarians, emergency planners, those in the farming and wildlife preservation industries, and residents with pets and service animals better plan for and respond to disasters. ASPR TRACIE refreshed this Topic Collection in June 2024.

Each resource in this Topic Collection is placed into one or more of the following categories (click on the category name to be taken directly to that set of resources). Resources marked with an asterisk (*) appear in more than one category.

Must Reads


Brackenridge, S., Zottarellia, L., Riderb, E., and Carlsen-Landya, B. (2012). Dimensions of the Human– Animal Bond and Evacuation Decisions among Pet Owners during Hurricane Ike. (Abstract only.) Anthrozoös: A Multidisciplinary Journal of the Interactions of People and Animals. 25(2).
The authors examined how the post-Katrina Pets Evacuation and Transportation Standards Act was carried out after Hurricane Ike.
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024). Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in Animals: Interim Recommendations for Prevention, Monitoring, and Public Health Investigations. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
These interim recommendations outline steps for preventing exposure to avian influenza viruses, including recommendations for the public, farmers, workers, clinicians, and state health departments on surveillance and testing. The webpage defines exposure to avian influenza-infected birds, clinical and public health response criteria, information on collecting clinical specimens for testing, influenza antiviral treatment, and avian influenza chemoprophylaxis.
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024). Working with Displaced Domestic Animals.
This webpage provides background on how displaced domestic animals may react after a disaster, how they might pose a risk to emergency workers, and how people responding to a disaster can protect themselves.
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Heath, S. and Linnabary, R. (2015). Challenges of Managing Animals in Disasters in the U.S. Animals. 5(2): 173-192.
The authors summarize common challenges associated with managing animals in disasters, explain how some challenges are being addressed, and recommend strategies for addressing others. They encourage communities to integrate animal care into planning, preparedness, mitigation, response, and recovery activities.
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National Alliance of State Animal and Agricultural Emergency Programs. (2014). Species Evacuation and Transport Guide.
This document includes evacuation and transport guidelines for: pet birds, snakes, reptiles, amphibians, pocket pets and rabbits, and poultry. It also includes a section on "oiled wildlife spills."
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National Alliance of State Animal and Agricultural Emergency Programs. (2023). Current Best Practices in Animal Emergency Management: Mass Care and Sheltering.
This document can help animal emergency management planners develop comprehensive animal evacuation and practical sheltering plans.
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National Alliance of State Animal and Agricultural Emergency Programs. (2023). Decontamination.
Decontaminating many animals after a large-scale incident can be a daunting task. This report highlights the challenges, options, and resources involved in the development and implementation of decontamination plans for animals such as service and working animals, household pets, livestock, poultry, and wildlife.
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National Alliance of State Animal and Agricultural Emergency Programs. (2023). Disaster Veterinary Medical Response.
This document provides information on best practices when considering animals in disaster management and response. It includes sections on regulatory authorities, FEMA animal emergency response, pre-disaster preparedness, response, and post-disaster activities.
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National Alliance of State Animal and Agricultural Emergency Programs. (2023). Household Pet Evacuation and Transportation.
With nearly 45 million household pets in the U.S. and an increase in extreme weather incidents and other threats, planning for pet evacuation and transportation is crucial. This document was created for emergency planners and animal response groups and highlights best practices associated with the evacuation and transportation of animals.
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Otto, C., Franz, M., Kellogg, B., et al. (2002). Field Treatment of Search Dogs: Lessons Learned from the World Trade Center Disaster. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care. 12(1): 33-42.
The authors share a graphic that depicts the Suffolk County (NY) Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals' Disaster Plan. They also share lessons learned about preventive and curative veterinary medicine used on the search and rescue dogs that worked the 9/11 scene in New York City.
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Schneider, M., Tirado, M., Rereddy, S., et al. (2012). Natural Disasters and Communicable Diseases in the Americas: Contribution of Veterinary Public Health. Veterinaria Italiana. 48(2): 193-218.
The authors conducted an analysis of natural disasters that struck the Americas between 2004 and 2008 and emphasize the contribution of veterinary public health to the identification and management of zoonotic and foodborne diseases.
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Soric, S., Belanger, M., and Wittnich, C. (2008). A Method for Decontamination of Animals Involved in Floodwater Disasters. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 232(3):364-370.
After a disaster, abandoned or stray animals and search and rescue dogs may be exposed to toxins in floodwaters. This article: outlines safety requirements for healthcare professionals who manage decontamination teams; provides strategies for laying out a decontamination site; and includes a decontamination protocol.
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The authors describe the potential positive effects pets can have on vulnerable populations in Australia, including: those living in remote communities, culturally and linguistically diverse communities, children and youth, older people, people with disabilities, homeless people, and people with mental illness. The authors also highlight how animals can be used as a conduit for disaster-related communication and recovery for a vulnerable person.
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Animals and Infectious Disease


American Veterinary Medical Association. (2024). Avian Influenza Virus Type A (H5N1) in U.S. Dairy Cattle.
Current details surrounding avian influenza detection, clinical signs in cows, transmission, and restrictions are highlighted on this webpage. Additional resources (e.g., on the impact on other animals and food safety) are linked throughout.
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Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. (2024). Detections of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
This webpage provides updated maps and counts of avian influenza cases in commercial and backyard flocks, wild birds, mammals, and livestock.
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Behravesh, C.B., Alves, D., Balsamo, G., et al. (2014). Interim Guidance for Public Health Officials on Pets of Ebola Virus Disease Contacts. American Veterinary Medical Association.
The guidelines presented in this document focus on the management of pets owned by contacts of Ebola patients.
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Frequently Asked Questions About the Laboratory Response Network (LRN).
This document explains the role of the Laboratory Response Network, including how veterinary laboratories can help alert officials to potential disease outbreaks.
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). Animals and COVID-19. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
This webpage provides information on the spread of SARS-CoV-2 to animals, noting that while the risk of animals spreading the virus to people is low, people with COVID-19 should avoid close contact with livestock, wildlife, and pets. Links to additional resources for pet owners, veterinarians, and public health officials are provided throughout the page.
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Veterinary staff can use the resources on this webpage to locate state public health veterinary contacts, recognize and share messaging on symptoms, and locating state and local public health officials who can coordinate testing of symptomatic people. Links to related resources are provided throughout.
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Dee, S., Brands, L., Nerem, J., et al. (2023). Improvements in Swine Herd Biosecurity Reduce the Incidence Risk of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Breeding Herds in the Midwestern United States. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 262(4): 520-525.
The authors examine how next generation biosecurity (NGB) protocols (i.e., those that target direct and indirect routes of virus transmission) reduced porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus transmission. Overall, NGB protocols resulted in lower PRRS incidence.
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Hugh-Jones, M. (2018). Anthrax in Dogs. Merck Veterinary Manual.
The author discusses how infection with anthrax can affect dogs and other mammals, including humans. He explains where anthrax naturally occurs in the environment, the natural history of Bacillus anthracis, its resistance to extreme environmental conditions, and why diagnosis may be difficult.
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The author examines the risk of zoonosis (the spread of viruses from animals to humans) and reverse zoonosis (the risk of humans spreading viruses to other species, such as pets or wildlife). He notes continuous surveillance of humans and animals is important to reduce these risks.
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Lloyd-Smith, J.O. George, D., Pepin, K.M., et al. (2009). Epidemic Dynamics at the Human-Animal Interface. Science. 326(5958): 1362-1367.
The authors highlight the need for new mathematical models that incorporate a broader set of pathogen life histories and can help scientists better understand vector-transmitted, chronic, and protozoan infections and cross-species transmission.
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Reperant, L. A., Cornaglia, G., and Osterhaus, A. (2012). The Importance of Understanding the Human-Animal Interface: From Early Hominins to Global Citizens. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. (365): 49-81.
In this chapter, the authors describe the history of the human-animal interface and how domestication, agriculture, urbanization, industrialization, and colonization have effected this relationship.
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Sinclair, R., Boone, S., and Greenberg, D. (2008). Persistence of Category A Select Agents in the Environment. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 74(3):555–563.
The authors studied how the following Category A agents present in human and animal bodily fluids are transmitted, and how they survive on fomites and in water: smallpox, anthrax, plague, botulism, tularemia, Lassa fever, Junin-Argentine hemorrhagic fever, Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever, hantavirus, Ebola hemorrhagic fever and Marburg hemorrhagic fever, and St. Louis encephalitis and Japanese B encephalitis.
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Weir, M., Williams, K., and Buzhardt, L. (2023). Pets and Ebola. VCA Animal Hospitals.
This webpage has information for pet owners on Ebola. Dogs have not become sick from Ebola virus disease, though humans and non-human primates have been affected. No pets in North America have been infected with Ebola.
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Wenzel, J., and Nussbaum, K. (2007). Veterinary Expertise in Biosecurity and Biological Risk Assessment. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 230(10):1476-1480.
The authors explain how veterinarians can assist with risk assessments and making determinations on when to initiate extensive biosecurity responses regarding livestock.
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The authors provide information on infection control to prevent zoonosis in veterinary practices. The article provides background on the history of zoonotic illnesses, standard veterinary precautions, occupational health for vets, and written infection control plans.
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World Health Organization. (2024). Avian and Other Zoonotic Influenza.
This webpage contains an overview of human infection with animal influenza viruses and links to specific information on avian and swine influenza.
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Canine Search and Rescue


The authors studied the long-term health effects of 27 dogs that helped with relief efforts at the World Trade Center site after the 9/11 terrorist attack. They found that while nearly 63% suffered health disorders in the first week, "only mild and infrequent health conditions" occurred in the five-year period.
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The author defines decontamination, how it manifests (e.g., ocular, via inhalation/ ingestion, dermal) and shares guidelines for working canine decontamination.
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The authors discuss the health impacts on 30 search-and-recovery dogs who were deployed after the Camp Fire in California in 2018. The most common injuries to these working dogs included lacerations, abrasions, weight loss, and lethargy. Knowledge of the health effects can help prepare search and rescue dogs and their handlers for future missions.
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Gordon, L.E. (2012). Injuries and Illnesses Among Urban Search-and-Rescue Dogs Deployed to Haiti Following the January 12, 2010, Earthquake. (Abstract only.) Journal of the American Veterinary Association. 240(4):396-403.
The author discusses findings from a survey completed by 19 dog handlers who worked in Haiti after the 2010 earthquake. Overall, the author found that dogs encountered 12.6 adverse effects for every 1,000 hours worked. Handlers reported that all health issues were cured either during the deployment or within two weeks after demobilization.
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Jones, K., Dashfield, K., Downend, A., and Otto, C. (2004). Search-and-Rescue Dogs: An Overview for Veterinarians. Journal of the American Veterinary Association. 225(6): 854-860.
Classification schema, training, deployment basics, and veterinary considerations are included in this article on dogs trained for search and rescue.
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In this article, the author states that dogs have a relatively low risk of developing disease after being exposed to anthrax. Information on diagnosis and treatment is also provided.
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* National Alliance of State Animal and Agricultural Emergency Programs. (2019). Animal Search and Technical Rescue.
The resources on this webpage include links to basic training requirements for starting an animal search and rescue (ASAR) team, ASAR levels and equipment, and related templates.
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The author discusses the role of an urban search and rescue canine, components of a canine search team, and how the canine olfactory system operates.
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Otto, C., Franz, M., Kellogg, B., et al. (2002). Field Treatment of Search Dogs: Lessons Learned from the World Trade Center Disaster. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care. 12(1): 33-42.
The authors share a graphic that depicts the Suffolk County (NY) Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals' Disaster Plan. They also share lessons learned about preventive and curative veterinary medicine used on the search and rescue dogs that worked the 9/11 scene in New York City.
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To better understand the effect of search-and-rescue (SAR) work on dogs’ health, the authors followed 150 SAR dogs for 15 years (95 who were deployed to the September 11th terror attack site), sending annual surveys to handlers and analyzing reported health events. They found that the most commonly affected systems included the musculoskeletal (31%), integumentary (22%), and gastrointestinal systems (20%). There were no differences in health events based on deployment to the terrorist attacks, breed, or sex of the dogs.
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* Wismer, T., Murphy, L., Gwaltney-Brant, S., and Albretsen, J. (2003). Management and Prevention of Toxicoses in Search-and-Rescue Dogs Responding to Urban Disasters. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 222(3):305-310.
The authors of this article explain how to assess and treat search and rescue dogs for exposure to various toxins.
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Carcass Disposal


American Veterinary Medical Association. (2019). AVMA Policies Relevant to Waste Disposal.
The American Veterinary Medical Association writes that dead animals (including large quantities due to natural disaster) do not typically pose a significant health hazard for humans. This site includes links to resources on safe and environmentally responsible disposal of animal carcasses.
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Delgado, J., Longhurst, P., Hickman, G., et al. (2010). Intervention Strategies for Carcass Disposal: Pareto Analysis of Exposures for Exotic Disease Outbreaks. Environmental Science and Technology. 44(12): 4416-4425.
The authors of this study use charts to illustrate disease exposure opportunities associated with animal carcass disposal. They also identify key control points for risk management and strategies for waste technology assessment.
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Harper, A. (2008). Swine Carcass Disposal Options for Routine and Catastrophic Mortality. (Free with registration.) Council for Agricultural Science and Technology.
This issue paper provides a critical assessment of information available on methods of swine carcass disposal under routine and catastrophic conditions. The paper addresses the four predominant methods of mortality disposal in commercial swine production: burial, incineration, rendering, and composting.
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Kollias, N., Hess, W., Johnson, C., et al. (2023). A Literature Review on Current Practices, Knowledge, and Viewpoints on Pentobarbital Euthanasia Performed by Veterinarians and Animal Remains Disposal in the United States. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 261(5):733-738.
The authors reviewed the literature to understand how the bodies of animals euthanized with pentobarbital should be disposed of to prevent environmental contamination, toxicosis in other animals, and/or contamination of the animal food supply.
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The authors examined the effectiveness of two animal composters in containing diseases caused by spore-forming bacteria (e.g., Bacillus anthracis).
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Reuter, T., Xu, W., Alex, T.W., et al. (2010). Biocontained Carcass Composting for Control of Infectious Disease Outbreak in Livestock. Journal of Visualized Experiments. (39): 1946.
The authors explain how vulnerable "intensive livestock production systems" are to accidental and intentional infectious disease outbreaks. They also share that one strategy to contain the spread of disease is depopulation, but this is accompanied by a large number of carcasses and contaminated manure. The authors share findings on the bio-contained mortality composting procedure they designed, focusing on its efficacy for bovine tissue degradation and microbial deactivation.
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Wilkinson, K. (2007). The Biosecurity of On-Farm Mortality Composting. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 102(3): 609-18.
The author discusses the role of composting in carcass disposal and emergency animal disease outbreaks.
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Decontamination


This Appendix is part of the State of Connecticut's Region 3 Hazardous Materials Response Plan. It provides basic information and steps for setting up "three station decontamination" for small animals. Also included are tips specific to hazards (e.g., chemical, radiological).
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County News Center (San Diego, CA). (2013). Horse Decontamination. San Diego County.
Speakers in this short video emphasize the importance of decontaminating animals, particularly after floods.
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The author lists considerations specific to service dogs who report for care with disaster survivors after a mass casualty incident. She includes canine-specific guidelines for hospital victim decontamination.
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The author defines decontamination, how it manifests (e.g., ocular, via inhalation/ ingestion, dermal) and shares guidelines for working canine decontamination.
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This report provides recommendations from a panel of subject matter experts assembled to discuss handling of contaminated animals after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. The committee provided recommendations for companion animals, livestock, and wildlife.
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In this article, the author states that dogs have a relatively low risk of developing disease after being exposed to anthrax. Information on diagnosis and treatment is also provided.
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National Alliance of State Animal and Agricultural Emergency Programs. (2023). Decontamination.
Decontaminating many animals after a large-scale incident can be a daunting task. This report highlights the challenges, options, and resources involved in the development and implementation of decontamination plans for animals such as service and working animals, household pets, livestock, poultry, and wildlife.
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Perry, E. (2024). K9 Decon: Your Partner's Health And Safety Are On The Line. The Center for Forensic Training and Education.
This author discusses decontamination of canines after a disaster or other exposure to dangerous environments and hazards (e.g., liquids, solids, particulates, and aerosolized particles). Decontamination strategies include using personal protective equipment, decontaminating equipment, and discarding contaminated reward items such as pull toys.
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Soric, S., Belanger, M., and Wittnich, C. (2008). A Method for Decontamination of Animals Involved in Floodwater Disasters. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 232(3):364-370.
After a disaster, abandoned or stray animals and search and rescue dogs may be exposed to toxins in floodwaters. This article: outlines safety requirements for healthcare professionals who manage decontamination teams; provides strategies for laying out a decontamination site; and includes a decontamination protocol.
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Information on this website includes research findings on policies and procedures for monitoring and decontaminating livestock and pets. Links to related resources are provided.
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* Wismer, T., Murphy, L., Gwaltney-Brant, S., and Albretsen, J. (2003). Management and Prevention of Toxicoses in Search-and-Rescue Dogs Responding to Urban Disasters. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 222(3):305-310.
The authors of this article explain how to assess and treat search and rescue dogs for exposure to various toxins.
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Zoran, D., Bassinger, S., Budke, C., et al. (2024). Mass Decontamination of Companion Dogs in Disaster: Planning for Personnel, Water, and Time Requirements. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. 18:e40.
The authors discuss factors including the time, amount of water, containment resources, and personnel required to decontaminate many companion animals at once after a large-scale disaster.
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Education and Training


Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. (n.d.). Defend the Flock. (Accessed 6/24/2024.) U.S. Department of Agriculture.
This webpage contains information on biosecurity for poultry farmers. It includes information on structural biosecurity (e.g., physical structures preventing disease transmission) and operational biosecurity (e.g., practices, procedures, and policies) to protect poultry flocks from viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. The site links to information on signs of illnesses, a youth program, and a resource center with best practices in several languages.
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Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. (2024). Veterinary Services National Training and Exercise Program. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
This webpage contains links to trainings, exercise plans, and webinars which can help veterinary service providers to prepare for and respond to animal disease emergencies. It includes an exercise strategy and plan, other exercise materials, and a resource guide. The playlist of webinars covers topics such as animal disease, aquaculture, radiological incident awareness, and emergency management.
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Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2015). IS-10.A: Animals in Disasters: Awareness and Preparedness. (Free with registration.)
This course can help animal owners and care providers learn more about disaster preparedness and response and how "typical" hazards affect animals.
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Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2015). IS-11.A: Animals in Disasters: Community Planning. (Free with registration.)
This course can help emergency management planners, animal owners, and animal care providers develop a plan for handling animals after a disaster.
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Indiana State Board of Animal Health. (2024). Animal Issues in Disasters Course.
This course for veterinarians, animal shelter workers, livestock owners, and first responders provides information on how to evacuate and care for animals during disasters. It includes sections on planning for animals, basics of response, animal health emergencies, and sheltering during disasters.
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Louisiana State University Veterinary Medicine. (n.d.). Disaster Preparedness and Response. (Accessed 6/24/2024.)
This website outlines Louisiana State University’s School of Veterinary Medicine efforts to prepare and respond to natural disasters in Louisiana and Mississippi; findings can also be used by other states. The resource has tips for pet owners, horse owners, and for people who encounter wildlife following severe weather.
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* National Agricultural Library. (n.d.). Disaster Planning with Animals. (Accessed 6/24/2024.) U.S. Department of Agriculture.
This webpage provides information on developing disaster plans for facilities that house animals (e.g., farms, research and teaching institutions, zoos, and aquariums). It includes links to training modules on animals in disaster training and disaster best practices developed by the National Alliance of State Animal and Agricultural Emergency Programs.
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* National Alliance of State Animal and Agricultural Emergency Programs. (2019). Animal Search and Technical Rescue.
The resources on this webpage include links to basic training requirements for starting an animal search and rescue (ASAR) team, ASAR levels and equipment, and related templates.
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Oregon State University Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine. (2024). DAM Vets: Disaster Action Management Team.
Oregon State University’s Disaster Action Management team at the Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine provides related training and education to veterinary students. This webpage includes information on previous and upcoming in-person and remote seminars and other resources on animal first aid and care.
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General Veterinary Guidance


Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response. (2024). National Veterinary Response Teams. (Accessed 6/24/2024.) U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
National Veterinary Response Teams (NVRT) provide veterinary care for pets, service animals, livestock, and other animals affected by disasters or large-scale emergencies. NVRT teams include veterinarians, animal health technicians, epidemiologists, safety specialists, logisticians, and communication specialists. The webpage also includes information on NVRT capabilities.
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American Veterinary Medical Association. (n.d.). Large Animals and Livestock in Disasters. (Accessed 2/25/22.)
This website provides information on disaster planning for large animals and livestock. It describes how to prepare emergency kits and evacuation for large animals and backyard poultry.
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* American Veterinary Medical Association. (2023). Disaster Preparedness.
This webpage describes the role of the association and contains links to resources for members affected by disasters, information on recent disasters the association is supporting, and resources for veterinarians.
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This guidance can help disaster responders plan for health management of pets who arrive at disaster shelters, including obtaining a health and vaccination history, creating a health record, verifying identification, maintaining behavioral health, taking protective measures for caretakers, and using safe handling methods.
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024). Considerations for Veterinarians: Evaluating and Handling of Cats Potentially Exposed to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
This webpage contains information for veterinarians on cats which may have been exposed to highly pathogenic avian influenza through exposure to infected dairy cows, wild birds, or domestic poultry. It covers specifications for fluid-resistant coveralls which should be worn, safety goggles, and other personal protective equipment for interacting with infected or exposed cats.
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024). Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in Animals: Interim Recommendations for Prevention, Monitoring, and Public Health Investigations. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
These interim recommendations outline steps for preventing exposure to avian influenza viruses, including recommendations for the public, farmers, workers, clinicians, and state health departments on surveillance and testing. The webpage defines exposure to avian influenza-infected birds, clinical and public health response criteria, information on collecting clinical specimens for testing, influenza antiviral treatment, and avian influenza chemoprophylaxis.
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The State of Texas has large swaths of agricultural land, coast, and can experience a range of weather (e.g., extreme heat, winter storms, and hurricanes). The authors describe efforts of state officials to improve disaster response using a One Health approach including efforts to better understand pathogens, develop new vaccines and therapeutics, and improve disease surveillance to ensure biosecurity.
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Kile, J., Baldwin, M., Geisbrecht, K., et al. (2022). Zoonotic Influenza: Detection, Response, Prevention, and Control Reference Guide. National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians.
This document provides information on influenza in animals, including major events, viruses with potential future implications for animal and human health, and isolated events which may impact humans. The guide can support state and local veterinarians and public health officials to rapidly get oriented during a zoonotic influenza event. An accompanying PDF and video orientation to the reference guide are available at the following link: https://www.nasphv.org/documentsCompendiaZoonoticInfluenza.html.
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Martin, N.D., Pascual, J.L., Hirsch, J., et al. (2020). Excluded but not Forgotten: Veterinary Emergency Care During Emergencies and Disasters. American Journal of Disaster Medicine. 15(1).
This article addresses how veterinary practices can prepare and respond to emergencies and disasters. The authors reviewed PubMed and the gray literature to examine how companion and service animals are treated during disasters.
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NASAAEP Disaster Veterinary Care Best Practices Working Group. (2023). Current Best Practices in Animal Emergency Management.
The first half of this report explains federal regulations specific to incorporating animals into emergency management plans and highlights the challenges associated with developing animal response teams. The second half illustrates best practices and related information from various agencies on disaster planning and response for household pets, animal first responders, animal shelter managers, and veterinarians.
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* National Agricultural Library. (n.d.). Disaster Planning with Animals. (Accessed 6/24/2024.) U.S. Department of Agriculture.
This webpage provides information on developing disaster plans for facilities that house animals (e.g., farms, research and teaching institutions, zoos, and aquariums). It includes links to training modules on animals in disaster training and disaster best practices developed by the National Alliance of State Animal and Agricultural Emergency Programs.
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National Alliance of State Animal and Agricultural Emergency Programs. (2023). Disaster Veterinary Medical Response.
This document provides information on best practices when considering animals in disaster management and response. It includes sections on regulatory authorities, FEMA animal emergency response, pre-disaster preparedness, response, and post-disaster activities.
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University of California, Davis Veterinary Medicine. (n.d.). Flooding and Equine Owners: Preparing, Responding, and Recovering. (Accessed 6/24/2024.)
This document outlines how flooding can affect horses, and the importance of preparing by creating a farm disaster plan, responding by monitoring flood conditions, and evacuating if necessary. Recovery should include inspecting and cleaning up the barn, surveying feed damage, and monitoring water quality.
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Veterinarians can use the information in this article to ensure their practices have disaster plans and can continue to provide care during and after a disaster. The author shares his experiences with clients after Hurricane Irma in 2017, the importance of the PETS Act, sheltering animals during a disaster, maintaining communication with clients, and the importance of self-care.
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Vroegindewey, G. and Kertis, K. (2021). Veterinary Behavioural Health Issues Associated with Disaster Response. Australian Journal of Emergency Management. 36(3).
The authors conducted an international survey to understand the behavioral health of veterinary disaster responders and found that more than 50% reported behavioral health issues (e.g., sleep challenges, anxiety, difficulty with interpersonal relationships, nightmares, and suicidal ideation) in the initial six months after a disaster. The authors emphasize the need for standards, additional training, and research to better understand and mitigate the negative impact of disasters on veterinarians.
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* Wayne, A.S. and Rozanski, E.A. (2020). Cataloguing the Response by Emergency Veterinary Hospitals During the COVID-19 Pandemic via Weekly Surveys. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care. 30(4): 493–497.
The authors surveyed representatives from small emergency veterinary hospitals in 2020 to understand changes to their veterinary practices due to COVID-19. They found that day-to-day operations were significantly adapted to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic.
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This document provides guidance for countries experiencing influenza outbreaks in animals, and incorporates information from the World Health Organization, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and the World Organization for Animal Health. It includes sections on the role of the animal health sector, risk communication, messages on poultry culling, food and water safety, zoonotic influenza surveillance, and clinical management of suspected and confirmed cases.
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General Veterinary Public Health Issues in Disaster


Dalla Villa, P., Watson, C., Prasarnphanich, O., et al. (2020). Integrating Animal Welfare Into Disaster Management Using an 'All-Hazards' Approach. (Abstract only.) Revue Scientifique et Technique. 39(2):599-613.
The authors examine implications of more frequent and consequential disasters for animal and human health and recommend that veterinarians be involved in disaster response to ensure animal welfare. They note that local authorities should be empowered to integrate animals into disaster response, and capacity development for veterinarians responding to disasters is also important.
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Dieckmann, H.G., Costa, L.R.R., and Madigan, J.E. (2020). Current Operational Model for Veterinary Care in Large Animal Shelters During Disasters. (Abstract only.) Prehospital and Disaster Medicine. 35(5): 579-587.
The authors describe how standardizing guidelines for animal shelters during disasters can safeguard large animal health. They also highlight how veterinary care can be integrated into the incident command system for coordination of resources in emergencies.
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Evans, K. and Vroegindewey, G. (2020). Technological Disasters and Veterinary Services. Revue Scientifique et Technique. 39(2): 359-371.
This paper discusses how the environment, human health, and animal health can be protected during a technological disaster, such as a power outage, nuclear accident, or oil spill. Topics covered include legislation, policy, equipment, animal decontamination, and training for disaster preparedness.
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Garcia, L., Stefanou, C., Huston, C., et al. (2022). Assessing Veterinary Practice and Practitioner Preparedness for Natural and Man-Made Disasters. Journal of Veterinary Medical Education. 49(6):733-739
The authors surveyed Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) executives to better understand the level of disaster preparedness training provided to veterinary students. Overall, most respondents did not receive this type of training, yet they felt “somewhat prepared for the challenges associated with the COVID-19 pandemic” and “were in compliance with most of AVMA recommendations” despite not having formal training. The authors suggest disaster preparedness and response be part of veterinarian core training and emphasize the need for more research on larger samples.
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Nasim, A., Attal-Juncqua, A., Eia, C., et al. (2020). Inclusion of Veterinary Services in National Emergency Management Plans. Revue Scientifique et Technique. 39(2):359-371.
The authors examined national emergency management plans of the 86 members of the World Organization for Animal Health (of which the U.S. Department of Agriculture is a member). They emphasize the importance of using a One Health approach to discuss emergency management, which includes human, animal, and environmental health. They found that national emergency plans more frequently mentioned veterinary services when the country’s agricultural sector contributed more to GDP.
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* National Agricultural Library. (n.d.). Disaster Planning with Animals. (Accessed 6/24/2024.) U.S. Department of Agriculture.
This webpage provides information on developing disaster plans for facilities that house animals (e.g., farms, research and teaching institutions, zoos, and aquariums). It includes links to training modules on animals in disaster training and disaster best practices developed by the National Alliance of State Animal and Agricultural Emergency Programs.
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National Alliance of State Animal and Agricultural Emergency Programs. (2021). Current Best Practices in Animal Emergency Management.
This webpage provides information on how to keep animals safe during emergencies. It covers topics such as decontamination, household pet evacuation, equine evacuation and transportation, and incident command and coordination.
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Nussbaum, K., Rollin, B., and Wohl, J. (2007). The Veterinary Profession’s Duty of Care in Response to Disasters and Food Animal Emergencies. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 231(2):200-202.
This article covers the ethics and other considerations of veterinary practice when responding to disasters.
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Schneider, M., Tirado, M., Rereddy, S., et al. (2012). Natural Disasters and Communicable Diseases in the Americas: Contribution of Veterinary Public Health. Veterinaria Italiana. 48(2): 193-218.
The authors conducted an analysis of natural disasters that struck the Americas between 2004 and 2008 and emphasize the contribution of veterinary public health to the identification and management of zoonotic and foodborne diseases.
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These guidelines from the World Organization for Animal Health address animal health, welfare, and veterinary public health in disaster management. They can be used to supplement existing local, state, and regional emergency plans.
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Laboratory Animal Issues in Disasters


* Levy, L. (2006). Lessons Learned from Katrina. Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee Conference.
The speaker details the experience of the Tulane National Primate Research Center—which houses more than 5,000 non-human primates on 500 acres—when preparing for, responding to, and recovering from Hurricane Katrina.
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Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare. (2002). Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare. Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee Guidebook.
This chapter details issues and emergency management planning and response needs and strategies for institutions using animals in research, teaching, and testing.
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In this presentation, the speaker discusses the impact of the storm on animal facilities; how the response was coordinated under "State Animal Response Incident Command;" and lessons learned with regards to optimizing animal welfare, minimizing disruption to research, and ensuring employee safety.
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The speaker shares steps for developing emergency operations and business continuity plans; shares general animal laboratory policy information; and provides an overview of his facility's hurricane protocol, which incorporates lessons learned from recent storms.
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Lessons Learned


In 2017, the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals assisted in the relocation of approximately 37,000 animals during three hurricanes and a wildfire in California; this article highlights those experiences and lessons learned.
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Levy, J., Edinboro, C., Glotfelty, C., et al. (2007). Seroprevalence of Dirofilaria immitis, Feline Leukemia Virus, and Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Among Dogs and Cats Exported from the 2005 Gulf Coast Hurricane Disaster Area. Journal of the American Medical Veterinary Association. 231(2):218-225.
This article outlines a disease prevalence study of dogs and cats that were exported from the affected Gulf Coast states during the 2005 hurricane season. The authors found that nearly half of the dogs transported to temporary mass shelters tested positive for heartworm (which is estimated close to the non-disaster time rate in the Gulf Coast region).
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* Levy, L. (2006). Lessons Learned from Katrina. Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee Conference.
The speaker details the experience of the Tulane National Primate Research Center—which houses more than 5,000 non-human primates on 500 acres—when preparing for, responding to, and recovering from Hurricane Katrina.
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McConnico, R., French, D., Clark, C., et al. (2007). Equine Rescue and Response Activities in Louisiana in the Aftermath of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 231(3):384-392.
The authors describe the governmental response for horses affected by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, including rescue, sheltering, and developing an Equine Branch of incident command.
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Nolen., R.S. (2019). In Puerto Rico, Time Measured Before and After Maria. American Veterinary Medical Association.
The author describes the impact of Hurricane Maria on Puerto Rico’s veterinary practices. A subsequent pet overpopulation problem led to a spay-neuter initiative to address the island’s stray animal problem. While many veterinary practices are back to normal, responsible pet ownership remains a challenge on the island.
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Sparrer, M., Hodges, N., Ragan, I., et al. (2023). SARS-CoV-2 Surveillance in a Veterinary Health System Provides Insight into Transmission Risks. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 262(1):93-99.
The authors analyzed the oral and nasal swabs of over 300 animals presenting to the Colorado State University’s Veterinary Health System to understand whether companion and exotic animal pets were affected by SARS-CoV-2. They found virus RNA in 1.6% of dogs and 1.1% of domestic cats, while none was detected in exotic pets (e.g., rabbits, hedgehogs, and hamsters). Over 17 months, however, they found an 11.7% seropositivity rate for all dogs and cats studies, leading them to emphasize the need for additional research on seasonality and the rate of transmission by variant.
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* Wayne, A.S. and Rozanski, E.A. (2020). Cataloguing the Response by Emergency Veterinary Hospitals During the COVID-19 Pandemic via Weekly Surveys. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care. 30(4): 493–497.
The authors surveyed representatives from small emergency veterinary hospitals in 2020 to understand changes to their veterinary practices due to COVID-19. They found that day-to-day operations were significantly adapted to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic.
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American Veterinary Medical Association. (2012). Emergency Preparedness and Response.
This document highlights the role of the American Veterinary Medical Association in disaster and emergency situations within the U.S. It also includes sections on policy, agency coordination, and disaster planning and preparation. Links to disaster-specific fact sheets, guidelines for animal care and handling, sample forms, training courses, and other resources are also provided.
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American Veterinary Medical Association. (2013). PETS (Pets Evacuation and Transportation Standards) Act (FAQ). American Veterinary Medical Association.
Information on the history of the Pets Evacuation and Transportation Standards Act as well as how and when it is used is provided in this document.
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This law was enacted after Hurricane Katrina and mandates that local and state emergency preparedness authorities include information in their evacuation plans on accommodating household pets and service animals in case of a disaster.
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Pet Owner Resources and Behaviors


American Red Cross. (2024). Pet Disaster Preparedness & Recovery.
This webpage provides guidance on how to keep pets safe during disasters. Advice includes making an evacuation plan and preparing an emergency kit that includes leashes, a pet carrier, food, drinking water, medications, copies of medical records, and a first aid kit.
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* Clemson University Livestock Poultry Health Program. (2024). Emergency Preparedness, Response and Recovery.
This web page includes links to plans, annexes, and other resources related to pet/agricultural animal disaster preparedness and response.
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Cooley, T. (2018). Katrina to Maria: Pet Evacuation in the Eye of the Storm. Golden Gate University School of Law Review Blog. 52.
This article describes how pet owners respond to evacuation orders during hurricanes or other natural disasters. It outlines how in the past pet owners have been forced to choose between leaving pets behind and evacuating with their pets, and how the PETS Act has helped preserve human and animal safety.
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Farmer, A., DeYoung, S.E., and Wachtendorf, T. (2017). Pets and Evacuation: An Ongoing Challenge in Disasters. (Abstract only.) Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management.
Despite the PETS Act of 2006, pet ownership may remain a barrier to safety for people in disasters, since they may be reluctant to evacuate if they cannot bring their pets. The authors found that state disaster plans consider pet ownership, but local plans often do not.
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The authors conducted semi-structured interviews with six officials regarding the impact of the PETS Act during Hurricane Harvey in 2017. While the PETS Act positively changed disaster preparedness and response, the author also found that some veterinary disaster response plans remain under-developed.
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Heath, S. and Linnabary, R.D. (2015). Challenges of Managing Animals in Disasters in the U.S.. Animals. 5(2): 173-192.
This article explores challenges to managing animals during disasters in the U.S. Including agricultural and companion animals in disaster planning can improve outcomes, as can credentialing animal emergency responders (Table 1).
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Mike, M., Mike, R., and Lee, C.J. (2011). Katrina's Animal Legacy: The PETS Act. University of Maryland. Journal of Animal Law & Ethics. 4(1):133-160.
The authors describe how many pet owners were forced to choose between leaving pets behind and evacuating during Hurricane Katrina, later prompting the passage of the PETS Act, which includes pets and service animals in evacuation plans.
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The information on this webpage can help pet owners plan for pet care during emergencies and disasters. It provides guidance on evacuation planning, developing a buddy system, microchipping your pet, and building a kit which includes supplies such as food, water, medicine, a collar with tags, and a leash. It also includes tips for large animals and for staying informed.
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Taylor, M., Lynch, E., Burns, P., and Eustace, G.. (2015). The Preparedness and Evacuation Behaviour of Pet Owners in Emergencies and Natural Disasters. (Free registration required.) Australian Journal of Emergency Management. 30(2).
The authors examined 352 Australian pet owners' preparedness levels and evacuation behavior from a bush fire or flood. Over 80% kept their pets with them and a third felt “not really prepared” or “unprepared” for the disaster. The authors emphasize the commitment people have to their pets and the need for emergency planners to engage with pet owners to ensure adequate planning.
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Texas A&M University Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences. (n.d.). Be Prepared. (Accessed 6/24/2024.)
This resource covers how to create a disaster preparedness kit for pets. It recommends microchipping pets, having transportation supplies ready, and preparing for evacuation with companion animals. The website also includes information on managing livestock herds in a disaster (e.g., evacuating horses and show livestock).
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Travers, C., Degeling, C., and Rock, M. (2017). Companion Animals in Natural Disasters: A Scoping Review of Scholarly Sources. (Abstract only.) Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science. 20(4): 324-343.
This literature review describes: how people care for their pets’ welfare during disasters; why companion animals may be a risk to human health when humans forgo evacuation to stay with their pets; and the risk to the animals themselves. Another emergent theme the authors noted is determining who is responsible for pets during disasters.
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Plans, Tools, and Templates


* American Veterinary Medical Association. (2023). Disaster Preparedness.
This webpage describes the role of the association and contains links to resources for members affected by disasters, information on recent disasters the association is supporting, and resources for veterinarians.
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* Clemson University Livestock Poultry Health Program. (2024). Emergency Preparedness, Response and Recovery.
This web page includes links to plans, annexes, and other resources related to pet/agricultural animal disaster preparedness and response.
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* Colorado State University. (2015). Creating a Community Animal Disaster Plan.
This comprehensive planning guide was designed to support full community animal disaster response. It can help identify both potential demand and available resources for animal rescue and sheltering and identifies the community engagement stakeholders required for a successful plan, response, and recovery.
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Durkee, S. (2013). Disaster Planning.
The speaker describes the necessary points to consider when creating an emergency plan for a facility that houses laboratory animals.
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Heath, S. and Linnabary, R. (2015). Challenges of Managing Animals in Disasters in the U.S. Animals. 5(2): 173-192.
The authors summarize common challenges associated with managing animals in disasters, explain how some challenges are being addressed, and recommend strategies for addressing others. They encourage communities to integrate animal care into planning, preparedness, mitigation, response, and recovery activities.
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* Marion County, Florida. (2007). Pet Friendly Shelter Plan Documents.
These documents can be downloaded and tailored to develop pet-friendly human shelters during major disasters.
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* National Alliance of State Animal and Agricultural Emergency Programs. (2019). Animal Search and Technical Rescue.
The resources on this webpage include links to basic training requirements for starting an animal search and rescue (ASAR) team, ASAR levels and equipment, and related templates.
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National Alliance of State Animal and Agricultural Emergency Programs. (2023). Current Best Practices in Animal Emergency Management: Mass Care and Sheltering.
This document can help animal emergency management planners develop comprehensive animal evacuation and practical sheltering plans.
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National Alliance of State Animal and Agricultural Emergency Programs. (2023). Household Pet Evacuation and Transportation.
With nearly 45 million household pets in the U.S. and an increase in extreme weather incidents and other threats, planning for pet evacuation and transportation is crucial. This document was created for emergency planners and animal response groups and highlights best practices associated with the evacuation and transportation of animals.
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National Alliance of State Animal and Agricultural Emergency Programs. (2024). Disaster Veterinary Care.
Resources on this site include veterinary-specific forms that can be downloaded, printed, and taken to a disaster site.
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The Center for Food Security & Public Health. (2024). Poultry Biosecurity – Biosecurity for the Poultry Industry. Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine.
This website contains resources for poultry farms creating a biosecurity plan, including a checklist, an information manual, customizable templates for individual farms, and information on disinfecting. It also includes several kinds of logs for documenting biosecurity practices, educational videos, and printable signage for posting on a poultry farm to ensure best practices are followed.
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The University of Mississippi. (n.d.). Emergency and Disaster Plan for Animal Facilities. (Accessed 6/24/2024.)
This plan supplements the University of Mississippi emergency plan and provides guidance for caring for animals during a disaster. The plan can be referred to or adapted for other institutions planning for animals during disasters.
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Veterinary Emergency Team. (n.d.). Emergency Preparedness and Continuity of Operations Plan. (Accessed 6/24/2024.) Texas A&M University.
This plan can be tailored by veterinary practice emergency planners as needed to suit their practice and jurisdiction.
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VETgirl Veterinary Continuing Education Blog. (2021). Preparing Your Veterinary Hospital for a Disaster.
This blog provides guidance on veterinary practice plans for emergencies and disasters, resources for legal issues, and checklists which may be of use when developing emergency veterinary plans. The checklists cover setting up legal paperwork off site, supplies the clinic will need, training for the clinic’s disaster team, clinic policies established ahead of time, an emergency phone list, creating a community veterinary plan, and an evacuation plan.
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Select State-Specific Veterinary Resources


This webpage describes how the California Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps provides care to the state’s animals in the event of a large-scale emergency or disaster. Links to related information for veterinary professionals are included.
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Indiana State Board of Animal Health. (2024). Indiana's Veterinary Medical Response Corps.
This webpage includes background on Indiana’s Veterinary Medical Response Corps program, such as benefits of joining, examples of possible missions, eligibility to join, program affiliation, and links to an “Animal Issues in Disasters” training course.
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Texas Animal Health Commission. (2024). Natural Disaster: Animal Preparation and Response.
A variety of hazards pose a risk to animal health in Texas. This webpage includes links to state-specific information (that can be replicated by other states affected by disaster) on locations of donated resources for animals, assistance finding hay for livestock, veterinary care, locating lost animals, and an agricultural indemnity program through the U.S. Department of Agriculture Farm Service Agency.
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University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine One Health Institute. (n.d.). Disaster Preparedness & Response. (Accessed 6/24/2024.)
Three organizations which conduct disaster preparedness and response in California are highlighted on this site, including the state’s Veterinary Emergency Team (a new program to care for animals during disasters), the Oiled Wildlife Care Network, and the Wildlife Disaster Network.
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Shelter Animal Care


* Colorado State University. (2015). Creating a Community Animal Disaster Plan.
This comprehensive planning guide was designed to support full community animal disaster response. It can help identify both potential demand and available resources for animal rescue and sheltering and identifies the community engagement stakeholders required for a successful plan, response, and recovery.
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Decker, S., Lord, L., Walker, W., and Whittum, T. (2010). Emergency and Disaster Planning at Ohio Animal Shelters. (Abstract only.) Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science. 13(1):66-76.
This article summarizes a cross-sectional study of Ohio animal shelters, their preparedness levels, and their incorporation into the response plans of their respective communities.
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Hudson, L., Berschneider, H., Ferris, K., and Vivrette, S. (2001). Disaster Relief Management of Companion Animals Affected by the Floods of Hurricane Floyd. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 218(3): 354-359.
The authors describe the logistics of running a temporary animal shelter and animal hospital in the aftermath of Hurricane Floyd in North Carolina.
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* Marion County, Florida. (2007). Pet Friendly Shelter Plan Documents.
These documents can be downloaded and tailored to develop pet-friendly human shelters during major disasters.
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Agencies and Organizations


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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. One Health.
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Animal Health.
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World Organisation for Animal Health. Emergency Preparedness.
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