Debunking A Meta-Analysis of the Psychological Efficacy of Messages Countering Misinformation

This meta-analysis investigated the factors underlying effective messages to counter attitudes and beliefs based on misinformation. Based on findings, the authors present three recommendations for debunking information: "reduce the generation of arguments in line with the misinformation"; "create conditions that facilitate scrutiny and counterarguing of misinformation"; and "create conditions that facilitate scrutiny and counterarguing of misinformation but keep expectations low."