Chemical Biological Radiological Nuclear and Explosives

Mass gatherings are potential targets for terrorists using chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosive weapons. The authors conducted a literature review of attacks on sporting events to evaluate best practices related to mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. Table 2 illustrates individual findings from articles included in the review; the authors note best practices covered strategic communication, surveillance, coordinated planning between governmental, medical, and private stakeholders, and preparedness with training, and response. They also emphasize "the need for evidence-based guidelines within the field as there is a lack of a unified approach."