Mitigation Strategies for Heat-Related Illness During Mass Gatherings Hajj Experience

The authors used the Haddon matrix to identify ways to determine risk factors of and mitigate the impact of heat-related illness during Hajj. Table 2 lists the mitigation strategies the authors developed, including education, enforcement (e.g., providing enough water during rituals), engineering (e.g., creating more shade), economic incentives (e.g., offering free umbrellas), and emergency services before, during, and after the event.