Veterinary Issues
Topic Collection
March 3, 2022
Topic Collection: Veterinary Issues
Many watched in sorrow as residents affected by Hurricane Katrina refused to evacuate their flooded homes because they did not want to leave their pets behind. Later, in the summer of 2012, wildfires and droughts ravaged hundreds of thousands of acres across the western U.S., and farmers lost countless heads of livestock and acres of hay and feed corn to wildfires. In the past decade, many changes have been made in the disaster veterinary field. For example, the Pets Evacuation and Transportation Standards Act of 2006 mandates that: emergency plans take into account the needs of those with pets and service animals, more emergency shelters accept pets, and dogs who work in disaster response receive special preventive and medical treatment. The resources in this Topic Collection can help veterinarians, emergency planners, those in the farming and wildlife preservation industries, and residents with pets and service animals better plan for and respond to disasters. ASPR TRACIE refreshed this Topic Collection in March 2022.
Each resource in this Topic Collection is placed into one or more of the following categories (click on the category name to be taken directly to that set of resources). Resources marked with an asterisk (*) appear in more than one category.
Must Reads
The authors examined how the post-Katrina Pets Evacuation and Transportation Standards Act was carried out after Hurricane Ike.
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This guidance can help disaster responders plan for health management of pets who arrive at disaster shelters, including obtaining a health and vaccination history, creating a health record, verifying identification, maintaining behavioral health, taking protective measures for caretakers, and using safe handling methods.
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This document outlines successful practices in operating pet-friendly human shelters during major disasters. It includes discussion and links to many community-developed plans, resource lists, and other helpful documents.
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This Federal best practices document outlines successful practices in operating pet-friendly shelters during major disasters. It includes discussion and links to resources including community-developed plans and resource lists.
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The authors summarize common challenges associated with managing animals in disasters, explain how some challenges are being addressed, and recommend strategies for addressing others. They encourage communities to integrate animal care into planning, preparedness, mitigation, response, and recovery activities.
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This report provides recommendations from a panel of subject matter experts assembled to discuss handling of contaminated animals after the Fukushima Daiichi NuclearPower Plant. The committee provided recommendations for companion animals, livestock, and wildlife.
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The first half of this report explains federal regulations specific to incorporating animals into emergency management plans and highlights the challenges associated with developing animal response teams. The second half illustrates best practices and related information from various agencies on disaster planning and response for household pets, animal first responders, animal shelter managers, and veterinarians.
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This document can help animal emergency management planners develop comprehensive animal evacuation and practical sheltering plans.
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This document includes evacuation and transport guidelines for: pet birds, snakes, reptiles, amphibians, pocket pets and rabbits, and poultry. It also includes a section on "oiled wildlife spills."
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The authors share a graphic that depicts the Suffolk County (NY) Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals' Disaster Plan. They also share lessons learned about preventive and curative veterinary medicine used on the search and rescue dogs that worked the 9/11 scene in New York City.
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The authors conducted an analysis of natural disasters that struck the Americas between 2004 and 2008 and emphasize the contribution of veterinary public health to the identification and management of zoonotic and foodborne diseases.
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After a disaster, abandoned or stray animals and search and rescue dogs may be exposed to toxins in floodwaters. This article: outlines safety requirements for healthcare professionals who manage decontamination teams; provides strategies for laying out a decontamination site; and includes a decontamination protocol.
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In this article, the author emphasizes the positive effects that pet ownership can have on disaster resilience and protective factors and emphasizes the risks that humans are willing to take to save animals–even those with whom they have no prior bond.
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The authors describe the potential positive effects pets can have on vulnerable populations in Australia, including: those living in remote communities, culturally and linguistically diverse communities, children and youth, older people, people with disabilities, homeless people, and people with mental illness. The authors also highlight how animals can be used as a conduit for disaster-related communication and recovery for a vulnerable person.
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Wingfield, W. and Palmer, S. (2009).
Veterinary Disaster Response.
(Book available for purchase.) Wiley-Blackwell.
The content of this book is presented in question and answer format and is split into four main sections: Training, Planning, Preparation, and Recovery.
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Animals as Vectors
This document explains the role of the Laboratory Response Network, including how veterinary laboratories can help alert officials to potential disease outbreaks.
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This webpage contains information about Zika and animals and emphasizes that there have not been any reports of pets or other types of animals becoming sick with the virus.
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The authors provide a brief overview of the MERS-CoV human-animal interface and invite subject matter experts to contribute articles for consideration.
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The author examines the origins of major human infectious diseases and the anthropogenic changes (e.g., land use, agriculture) related to increases and frequency.
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The authors highlight the need for new mathematical models that incorporate a broader set of pathogen life histories and can help scientists better understand vector-transmitted, chronic, and protozoan infections and cross-species transmission.
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In this chapter, the authors describe the history of the human-animal interface and how domestication, agriculture, urbanization, industrialization, and colonization have effected this relationship.
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The authors studied how the following Category A agents present in human and animal bodily fluids are transmitted, and how they survive on fomites and in water: smallpox, anthrax, plague, botulism, tularemia, Lassa fever, Junin-Argentine hemorrhagic fever, Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever, hantavirus, Ebola hemorrhagic fever and Marburg hemorrhagic fever, and St. Louis encephalitis and Japanese B encephalitis.
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The authors explain how veterinarians can assist with risk assessments and making determinations on when to initiate extensive biosecurity responses regarding livestock.
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This webpage contains an overview of human infection with animal influenza viruses and links to specific information on avian and swine influenza.
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Carcass Disposal
The American Veterinary Medical Association writes that dead animals (including large quantities due to natural disaster) do not typically pose a significant health hazard for humans. This site includes links to resources on safe and environmentally responsible disposal of animal carcasses.
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The authors of this study use charts to illustrate disease exposure opportunities associated with animal carcass disposal. They also identify key control points for risk management and strategies for waste technology assessment.
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This issue paper provides a critical assessment of information available on methods of swine carcass disposal under routine and catastrophic conditions. The paper addresses the four predominant methods of mortality disposal in commercial swine production: burial, incineration, rendering, and composting.
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The authors examined the effectiveness of two animal composters in containing diseases caused by spore-forming bacteria (e.g., Bacillus anthracis).
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The authors explain how vulnerable "intensive livestock production systems" are to accidental and intentional infectious disease outbreaks. They also share that one strategy to contain the spread of disease is depopulation, but this is accompanied by a large number of carcasses and contaminated manure. The authors share findings on the bio-contained mortality composting procedure they designed, focusing on its efficacy for bovine tissue degradation and microbial deactivation.
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The author discusses the role of composting in carcass disposal and emergency animal disease outbreaks.
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Decontamination
This Appendix is part of the State of Connecticut's Region 3 Hazardous Materials Response Plan. It provides basic information and steps for setting up "three station decontamination" for small animals. Also included are tips specific to hazards (e.g., chemical, radiological).
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Speakers in this short video emphasize the importance of decontaminating animals, particularly after floods.
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The author defines decontamination and shares guidelines for working canine decontamination.
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The author lists considerations specific to service dogs who report for care with disaster survivors after a mass casualty incident. She includes canine-specific guidelines for hospital victim decontamination.
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The author provides an overview of statewide veterinary disaster planning initiatives and shares information on animal monitoring and decontamination after a nuclear plant incident.
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This report provides recommendations from a panel of subject matter experts assembled to discuss handling of contaminated animals after the Fukushima Daiichi NuclearPower Plant. The committee provided recommendations for companion animals, livestock, and wildlife.
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In this article, the author states that dogs have a relatively low risk of developing disease after being exposed to anthrax. Information on diagnosis and treatment is also provided.
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The presenters share results from their project during which they examined state plans, conducted computer simulations to build a livestock portal, tested commercial systems, and built and tested a custom livestock radiation detection portal system.
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Murphy, L. (2009).
Basic Veterinary Decontamination- Who, What, Why.
(Book available for purchase.) Veterinary Disaster Response, Chapter 16. Wiley-Blackwell.
This chapter takes question-and-answer format to promote understanding and outline the steps for decontamination procedures that have been developed for different animal types. This reference is designed for anyone involved in disaster medicine, including veterinarians, veterinary technicians, veterinary students, animal control and shelter personnel, search and rescue personnel, and emergency response teams.
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After a disaster, abandoned or stray animals and search and rescue dogs may be exposed to toxins in floodwaters. This article: outlines safety requirements for healthcare professionals who manage decontamination teams; provides strategies for laying out a decontamination site; and includes a decontamination protocol.
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Information on this website includes research findings on policies and procedures for monitoring and decontaminating livestock and pets. Links to related resources are provided.
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The authors of this article explain how to assess and treat search and rescue dogs for exposure to various toxins.
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Education and Training
This course can help animal owners and care providers learn more about disaster preparedness and response and how "typical" hazards affect animals.
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This course can help emergency management planners, animal owners, and animal care providers develop a plan for handling animals after a disaster.
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K9 Medic. (n.d.).
K9 Medic.
(Accessed 2/3/2022.)
This program teaches K9 handlers and disaster workers how to provide pre-hospital emergency field care to working K9s and companion dogs. Program elements include handling safety, assessments and triage, extraction and transport, decontamination, common injury interventions and extended care.
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This website outlines Louisiana State University’s School of Veterinary Medicine efforts to prepare and respond to natural disasters in Louisiana and Mississippi; findings can also be used by other states. The resource has tips for pet owners, horse owners, and for people who encounter wildlife.
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These 60-minute training modules cover a variety of topics, such as arthropod vectors, canine decontamination, large animal first aid, and small animal basic life support.
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Texas A&M University Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences. (n.d.).
Be Prepared.
(Accessed 2/28/2022.)
This resource covers how to create a disaster preparedness kit for pets. It recommends microchipping pets, having transportation supplies ready, and preparing for evacuation with companion animals. The website also includes information on managing livestock herds in a disaster (e.g., evacuating horses and show livestock).
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This 2 hour online course serves as an introduction to successful animal care shelter operations for officials providing animal response services during a disaster.
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Wingfield, W. and Palmer, S. (2009).
Veterinary Disaster Response.
(Book available for purchase.) Wiley-Blackwell.
The content of this book is presented in question and answer format and is split into four main sections: Training, Planning, Preparation, and Recovery.
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General Veterinary Guidance
This website provides information on disaster planning for large animals and livestock. It describes how to prepare emergency kits and evacuation for large animals and backyard poultry.
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This webpage contains links to resources for veterinarians, including an introduction to the Veterinary Medical Assistance Team, a “Preparedness for Veterinary Practices” brochure, and a 400-page reference guide on veterinary emergency response.
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This guidance can help disaster responders plan for health management of pets who arrive at disaster shelters, including obtaining a health and vaccination history, creating a health record, verifying identification, maintaining behavioral health, taking protective measures for caretakers, and using safe handling methods.
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This article addresses how veterinary practices can prepare and respond to emergencies and disasters. The authors reviewed PubMed and the gray literature to examine how companion and service animals are treated during disasters.
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The first half of this report explains federal regulations specific to incorporating animals into emergency management plans and highlights the challenges associated with developing animal response teams. The second half illustrates best practices and related information from various agencies on disaster planning and response for household pets, animal first responders, animal shelter managers, and veterinarians.
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This document includes evacuation and transport guidelines for: pet birds, snakes, reptiles, amphibians, pocket pets and rabbits, and poultry. It also includes a section on "oiled wildlife spills."
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The authors surveyed representatives from small emergency veterinary hospitals in 2020 to understand changes to their veterinary practices due to COVID-19. They found that day-to-day operations were significantly adapted to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Wingfield, W. and Palmer, S. (2009).
Veterinary Disaster Response.
(Book available for purchase.) Wiley-Blackwell.
The content of this book is presented in question and answer format and is split into four main sections: Training, Planning, Preparation, and Recovery.
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General Veterinary Public Health Issues in Disaster
This article covers recent outbreaks of zoonotic diseases of public health concern and gives a detailed description of category A agents, those deemed most likely to cause high mortality in a bioterrorism event.
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The authors describe how standardizing guidelines for animal shelters during disasters can safeguard large animal health. They also highlight how veterinary care can be integrated into the incident command system for coordination of resources in emergencies.
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This paper discusses how the environment, human health, and animal health can be protected during a technological disaster, such as a power outage, nuclear accident, oil spills, or other hazards. Topics covered include legislation, policy, equipment, animal decontamination, and training for disaster preparedness.
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The authors review the 1996 mandatory evacuation in Wisconsin after a chemical spill and highlight the epidemiologic features of the pet owners who did not successfully evacuate their pets.
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This article outlines a disease prevalence study of dogs and cats that were exported from the affected Gulf Coast states during the 2005 hurricane season. The authors found that nearly half of the dogs transported to temporary mass shelters tested positive for heartworm (which is estimated close to the non-disaster time rate in the Gulf Coast region).
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The authors describe the governmental response for horses affected by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, including rescue, sheltering, and developing an Equine Branch of incident command.
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The authors examined national emergency management plans of the 86 members of the World Organization for Animal Health (of which the U.S. Department of Agriculture is a member). They emphasize the importance of using a One Health approach to discuss emergency management, which includes human, animal, and environmental health. They found that national emergency plans more frequently mentioned veterinary services when the country’s agricultural sector contributed more to GDP.
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Director Fugate spoke on the importance of including animals in emergency planning. Director Fugate also answered questions after the presentation.
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The authors describe biological terrorism preparedness and list steps veterinary practitioners, government, academia, and legislators can take to successfully respond to a zoonotic agent of biological terrorism.
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This article covers the ethics and other considerations of veterinary practice when responding to disasters.
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This presentation outlines disaster preparedness for veterinarians. The author covered topics such as what should be included in an emergency plan for veterinary practices, steps to promoting biosecurity on farms, and pathogens of concern.
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The authors conducted an analysis of natural disasters that struck the Americas between 2004 and 2008 and emphasize the contribution of veterinary public health to the identification and management of zoonotic and foodborne diseases.
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These guidelines from the World Organization for Animal Health address animal health, welfare, and veterinary public health in disaster management. They can be used to supplement existing local, state, and regional emergency plans.
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Laboratory Animal Issues in Disasters
The authors discuss lessons learned from recent disasters that impacted animal research facilities. Information on National Institute of Health grantees' responsibilities associated with the Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare and Office of Policy for Extramural Research Administration is also included.
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The speaker describes the necessary points to consider when creating an emergency plan for a facility that houses laboratory animals.
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The speaker details the experience of the Tulane National Primate Research Center—which houses more than 5,000 non-human primates on 500 acres—when preparing for, responding to, and recovering from Hurricane Katrina.
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This chapter details issues and emergency management planning and response needs and strategies for institutions using animals in research, teaching, and testing.
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In this presentation, the speaker discusses the impact of the storm on animal facilities; how the response was coordinated under "State Animal Response Incident Command;" and lessons learned with regards to optimizing animal welfare, minimizing disruption to research, and ensuring employee safety.
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The speaker shares steps for developing emergency operations and business continuity plans; shares general animal laboratory policy information; and provides an overview of his facility's hurricane protocol, which incorporates lessons learned from recent storms.
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Legal and Regulatory Issues
This document highlights the role of the American Veterinary Medical Association in disaster and emergency situations within the U.S. It also includes sections on policy, agency coordination, and disaster planning and preparation. Links to disaster-specific fact sheets, guidelines for animal care and handling, sample forms, training courses, and other resources are also provided.
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Information on the history of the Pets Evacuation and Transportation Standards Act as well as how and when it is used is provided in this document.
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This law was enacted after Hurricane Katrina and mandates that local and state emergency preparedness authorities include information in their evacuation plans on accommodating household pets and service animals in case of a disaster.
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This article describes new federal directives and orders and how they may affect veterinarian training, as well as disaster preparedness initiatives of the veterinarian branches of various Federal agencies.
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Pets and Ebola
This document describes the process for conducting a risk assessment for exposure of dogs or cats that had contact with a human with Ebola. The document includes strategies for quarantining dogs or cats if deemed necessary by state and federal health officials.
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The guidelines presented in this document focus on the management of pets owned by contacts of Ebola patients.
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Plans, Tools, and Templates
This document highlights the role of the American Veterinary Medical Association in disaster and emergency situations within the U.S. It also includes sections on policy, agency coordination, and disaster planning and preparation. Links to disaster-specific fact sheets, guidelines for animal care and handling, sample forms, training courses, and other resources are also provided.
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This web page includes links to plans, annexes, and other resources related to animal/ agriculture disaster preparedness and response.
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This comprehensive planning guide was designed to support full community animal disaster response. It can help identify both potential demand and available resources for animal rescue and sheltering and identifies the community engagement stakeholders required for a successful plan, response, and recovery.
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The speaker describes the necessary points to consider when creating an emergency plan for a facility that houses laboratory animals.
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The authors summarize common challenges associated with managing animals in disasters, explain how some challenges are being addressed, and recommend strategies for addressing others. They encourage communities to integrate animal care into planning, preparedness, mitigation, response, and recovery activities.
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This group library includes links to resources specific to veterinary issues associated with nuclear/radiological events.
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These documents, parts of which were shared in the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s Lessons Learned Information Sharing system, provide plans to institute pet-friendly human shelters during major disasters.
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Resources on this site include veterinary-specific forms that can be downloaded, printed, and taken to a disaster site.
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This document provides a “roadmap” and links that can help animal emergency management planners identify and locate essential disaster resource management information.
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This document can help animal emergency management planners develop comprehensive animal evacuation and practical sheltering plans.
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The resources on this webpage include links to basic training requirements for starting an animal search and rescue (ASAR) team, ASAR levels and equipment, and related templates.
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This chapter details issues and emergency management planning and response needs and strategies for institutions using animals in research, teaching, and testing.
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This website provides various forms and other resources that can assist with disaster animal shelter operations. It also includes disaster preparedness supply lists for dogs, cats, horses, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. Links to partner agency manuals for shelter operations are also available.
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The speaker shares steps for developing emergency operations and business continuity plans; shares general animal laboratory policy information; and provides an overview of his facility's hurricane protocol, which incorporates lessons learned from recent storms.
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Van Manen, S., Jaenichen, C., Kremer, K., et al. (2021).
Let's Talk About Animals.
Australian Institute for Disaster Resilience.
The authors explore how organizations can design communication to improve outcomes in pet owner emergency preparedness and response. The article also discusses how pet ownership can function as a protective factor in emergencies.
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This plan can be tailored by veterinary practice emergency planners as needed to suit their practice and jurisdiction.
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Resources for and About Pet Owners
This checklist includes suggestions that can help pet owners prepare for and respond to disaster.
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This article examines how areas in the southern U.S. incorporated the PETS Act into disaster planning.
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The authors examined how the post-Katrina Pets Evacuation and Transportation Standards Act was carried out after Hurricane Ike.
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This article describes how pet owners respond to evacuation orders during hurricanes or other natural disasters. It outlines how in the past pet owners have been forced to choose between leaving pets behind and evacuating with their pets, and how why the PETS Act has helped been an improvement for human and animal safety.
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Despite the PETS Act of 2006, pet ownership may remain a barrier to safety for people in disasters, since they may be reluctant to evacuate if they cannot bring their pets. The authors found that state disaster plans consider pet ownership, but local plans often do not.
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The authors conducted semi-structured interviews with six officials regarding the impact of the PETS Act during Hurricane Harvey in 2017. While the PETS Act positively changed disaster preparedness and response, the author also found that some veterinary disaster response plans remain under-developed.
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This article explores challenges to managing animals during disasters in the U.S. Including agricultural and companion animals in disaster planning can improve outcomes, as can credentialing animal emergency responders (Table 1).
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The author of this brief editorial emphasizes that community resilience includes the role that animals play in maintaining and restoring resilience. She encourages emergency planners to include veterinary care providers in emergency operations.
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The authors describe how many pet owners were forced to choose between leaving pets behind and evacuating during Hurricane Katrina, later prompting the passage of the PETS Act, which includes pets and service animals in evacuation plans.
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This website provides various forms and other resources that can assist with disaster animal shelter operations. It also includes disaster preparedness supply lists for dogs, cats, horses, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. Links to partner agency manuals for shelter operations are also available.
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The authors examined 352 Australian pet owners' preparedness levels and evacuation behavior from a bush fire or flood. Over 80% kept their pets with them and a third felt "not really prepared’"or "unprepared" for the disaster. The authors emphasize the commitment people have to their pets and the need for emergency planners to engage with pet owners to ensure adequate planning.
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This webpage lists six steps that can help pet owners prepare for disaster. It includes information for ordering a rescue alert sticker and lists special considerations for different types of pets.
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In this article, the author emphasizes the positive effects that pet ownership can have on disaster resilience and protective factors and emphasizes the risks that humans are willing to take to save animals–even those with whom they have no prior bond.
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The authors describe the potential positive effects pets can have on vulnerable populations in Australia, including: those living in remote communities, culturally and linguistically diverse communities, children and youth, older people, people with disabilities, homeless people, and people with mental illness. The authors also highlight how animals can be used as a conduit for disaster-related communication and recovery for a vulnerable person.
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This literature review describes: how people care for their pets’ welfare during disasters; why companion animals may be a risk to human health when humans forgo evacuation to stay with their pets; and the risk to the animals themselves. Another emergent theme the authors noted is determining who is responsible for pets during disasters.
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Search and Rescue Dogs
The authors studied the long-term health effects of 27 dogs that helped with relief efforts at the World Trade Center site after the 9/11 terrorist attack. They found that while nearly 63% suffered health disorders in the first week, "only mild and infrequent health conditions" occurred in the five-year period.
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The author defines decontamination and shares guidelines for working canine decontamination.
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The author discusses findings from a survey completed by 19 dog handlers who worked in Haiti after the 2010 earthquake. Overall, the author found that dogs encountered 12.6 adverse effects for every 1,000 hours worked. Handlers reported that all health issues were cured either during the deployment or within two weeks after demobilization.
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Classification schema, training, deployment basics, and veterinary considerations are included in this article on dogs trained for search and rescue.
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In this article, the author states that dogs have a relatively low risk of developing disease after being exposed to anthrax. Information on diagnosis and treatment is also provided.
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The resources on this webpage include links to basic training requirements for starting an animal search and rescue (ASAR) team, ASAR levels and equipment, and related templates.
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The author discusses the role of an urban serach and rescue canine, components of a canine search team, and how the canine olifactory system operates.
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The authors share a graphic that depicts the Suffolk County (NY) Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals' Disaster Plan. They also share lessons learned about preventive and curative veterinary medicine used on the search and rescue dogs that worked the 9/11 scene in New York City.
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This issue contains articles that examine the human-dog bond with a focus on the role canines can play in healthcare settings and upon discharge.
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The authors of this article explain how to assess and treat search and rescue dogs for exposure to various toxins.
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Shelter Animal Care
This comprehensive planning guide was designed to support full community animal disaster response. It can help identify both potential demand and available resources for animal rescue and sheltering and identifies the community engagement stakeholders required for a successful plan, response, and recovery.
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This article summarizes a cross-sectional study of Ohio animal shelters, their preparedness levels, and their incorporation into the response plans of their respective communities.
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This Federal policy outlines when and how the costs of running congregate pet shelters can be reimbursed by the Federal government during disasters.
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This document outlines successful practices in operating pet-friendly human shelters during major disasters. It includes discussion and links to many community-developed plans, resource lists, and other helpful documents.
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This Federal best practices document outlines successful practices in operating pet-friendly shelters during major disasters. It includes discussion and links to resources including community-developed plans and resource lists.
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The authors describe the logistics of running a temporary animal shelter and animal hospital in the aftermath of Hurricane Floyd in North Carolina.
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These documents, parts of which were shared in the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s Lessons Learned Information Sharing system, provide plans to institute pet-friendly human shelters during major disasters.
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This website provides various forms and other resources that can assist with disaster animal shelter operations. It also includes disaster preparedness supply lists for dogs, cats, horses, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. Links to partner agency manuals for shelter operations are also available.
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This 2 hour online course serves as an introduction to successful animal care shelter operations for officials providing animal response services during a disaster.
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Treatment
The author defines decontamination and shares guidelines for working canine decontamination.
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Murphy, L. (2009).
Basic Veterinary Decontamination- Who, What, Why.
(Book available for purchase.) Veterinary Disaster Response, Chapter 16. Wiley-Blackwell.
This chapter takes question-and-answer format to promote understanding and outline the steps for decontamination procedures that have been developed for different animal types. This reference is designed for anyone involved in disaster medicine, including veterinarians, veterinary technicians, veterinary students, animal control and shelter personnel, search and rescue personnel, and emergency response teams.
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The authors share a graphic that depicts the Suffolk County (NY) Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals' Disaster Plan. They also share lessons learned about preventive and curative veterinary medicine used on the search and rescue dogs that worked the 9/11 scene in New York City.
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After a disaster, abandoned or stray animals and search and rescue dogs may be exposed to toxins in floodwaters. This article: outlines safety requirements for healthcare professionals who manage decontamination teams; provides strategies for laying out a decontamination site; and includes a decontamination protocol.
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The authors of this article explain how to assess and treat search and rescue dogs for exposure to various toxins.
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Agencies and Organizations
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